But there is a clear recognition that the various forms of monetary stimulus practised by the world’s central banks since the financial crisis of 2008, introduced with the claim that they would eventually boost economic growth, have little or no effect on the real economy and that central banks are “pushing on a string”—a term first developed in the Great Depression of the 1930s pointing to the failure of monetary policy.
Wall Street plunges on fears of global recession
US stock markets experienced their biggest fall for the year yesterday amid clear signs of a growing financial crisis and a marked global economic slowdown, with increased prospects of a recession.
Market indexes on Wall Street opened significantly down and continued to fall throughout the day. The Dow ended down by 800 points, or 3 percent, the S&P 500 fell 2.9 percent and the tech-heavy Nasdaq index dropped by more than 3 percent.
A confluence of factors contributed to the market fall: clear signs of a global contraction; the continuing fall in bond yields; a growing recognition that monetary stimulus by the world’s central banks is not going to bring an upturn in the global economy; a financial crisis in Argentina; the ongoing US-China trade war; political instability in Europe as exemplified in the Brexit crisis and the break-up of the Italian government; and the growth of social opposition in the working class, exemplified by the 10 weeks of protests and demonstrations in Hong Kong.
The trading day opened to the news that the Germany economy had contracted by 0.1 percent in the second quarter, following a similar slowdown in Britain, putting both economies in line for a recession, marked by two consecutive quarters of negative growth. The decline in Germany was a sharp reversal from the first quarter when its economy expanded by 0.4 percent.
The main reason for the decline was the contraction in exports, reflecting the uncertainties resulting from the US-China trade war and the intensifying struggle for markets in the auto industry on which the German economy is heavily dependent. There is no sign of an upturn and a survey of financial analysts released on Tuesday showed that economic sentiment had dropped to its lowest level since the euro zone financial crisis in 2011.
The jobs market is down. Only 1,000 new jobs were created in June compared to an average of 44,000 over the past five years as a series of major companies have started to introduce short-time working.
The impact of trade conflicts on production was also reflected in data from China which showed that value-added industrial production grew by 4.8 percent in July, compared to an increase of 6.3 percent in June and below market expectations of 5.9 percent growth.
One of the most significant developments in yesterday’s turmoil was the emergence of an inverted yield curve in bond markets. This refers to a situation in which the return on long term government debt falls below that on shorter term bonds. This phenomenon is regarded as one of the most accurate indicators of recession as investors seek a “safe haven” in longer term bonds, pushing up their price and lowering their yield.
Yesterday the gap between the yield on two-year and ten-year government debt in both the US and the UK entered negative territory. This is the first time this has happened in the US since 2007 in the lead up to the global financial crisis and recession.
Central banks around the world are either increasing their monetary stimulus or are getting ready to do so. The US Federal Reserve cut its rate by 0.25 percentage points last month and is set to do so again in September, amid growing expectations in financial markets that it may reduce rates by 0.5 percent. The European Central Bank has also indicated that it is set to introduce more monetary stimulus next month, either by further cutting rates or expanding its program of asset purchases.
But there is a clear recognition that the various forms of monetary stimulus practised by the world’s central banks since the financial crisis of 2008, introduced with the claim that they would eventually boost economic growth, have little or no effect on the real economy and that central banks are “pushing on a string”—a term first developed in the Great Depression of the 1930s pointing to the failure of monetary policy.
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