Among the findings in the new data:
· The nation's immigrant population (legal and illegal) hit a record 44.5 million in July 2017, an increase of nearly 800,000 since 2016, 4.6 million since 2010, and 13.4 million since 2000.
Bloomberg, Steyer spend $200 million on Democratic nomination fight
The two billionaire candidates seeking the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party have already spent more than $200 million, accorded to figures reported by Politico this week, at least three times the combined spending of all other Democratic candidates.
Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York City, is the ninth richest person in the United States, with a $58 billion fortune derived from his media and information technology empire. Tom Steyer, a former hedge fund operator, is reportedly worth about $2 billion.
Steyer has spent $83 million on advertising since he entered the race in July. Bloomberg has easily surpassed that total, pumping more than $120 million into media buys since he announced his candidacy last month.
The two candidates are pursuing opposite tactics in their vote-buying. Steyer has run a conventional campaign targeting the four early-voting states: Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina. All four hold caucuses or primaries in February.
Bloomberg is skipping the four early states and focusing instead on the two-thirds of Democratic convention delegates who will be selected between March 3 and March 17. Given the scale of the voting, television and internet advertising will be the principal means of reaching voters. Bloomberg has already spent $13 million per state on advertising in California, Texas and Florida, the three biggest states among the March contests.
Nearly a year before the 2020 election, Bloomberg is advertising at a saturation level.
He launched his campaign with a media blitz in the final week of November that cost $33 million, more than the $25 million President Barack Obama’s campaign spent in the final week of his 2012 reelection campaign.
In many US cities, it is impossible to turn on the television or log onto the internet without seeing a commercial for Bloomberg. In one small market, Wilmington, North Carolina, Bloomberg ads have run up to 36 times a day on some stations.
Bloomberg has also begun to hire campaign operatives from the defunct campaigns of other rivals, including Beto O’Rourke and Kamala Harris, offering as much as double or triple the salaries.
In barely a month, Bloomberg has spent more than twice the combined advertising of every non-billionaire candidate in the Democratic field for the entire year. In the four early-voting states, Steyer has spent $37 million, twice as much as the combined spending of the four leading candidates—former Vice President Joe Biden, Senator Bernie Sanders, Senator Elizabeth Warren and former South Bend, Indiana, mayor Pete Buttigieg.
The figures are stark: $120 million for Bloomberg, $83 million for Steyer, less than $60 million for the two dozen others, including six senators, three governors and five members of the House of Representatives. Buttigieg, who was the third-highest spender, paid for $19 million in advertising for the entire year.
So far, neither candidate has seen any obvious return on investment. Polls in the four early-voting states show Steyer at five percent or less in each, while Bloomberg’s massive and virtually nationwide media effort has pushed him up to seven percent in some polls. These figures would put either billionaire no higher than fifth in any state.
Bloomberg received a serious blow this week when the Intercept reported that his presidential campaign had hired a call center company that uses prison labor in Oklahoma as part of its operations. The company, ProCom, contracted with prisoners at a women’s prison in Oklahoma, the Dr. Eddie Warrior Correctional Center, to make calls to California voters. The callers had to disclose at the end of any conversation with voters that they were contacting them on behalf of the Bloomberg campaign, but they did not have to reveal that they were calling them from a prison.
According to ProCom, the company pays the state Department of Corrections $7.25 an hour, the Oklahoma minimum wage, for each prisoner’s time. The Department of Corrections keeps most of the money, turning over a pittance to the prisoners. One study from 2017 found that Oklahoma prisoners received about 54 cents an hour for such contract work.
The Bloomberg campaign admitted that prisoners had been used to make calls on its behalf and announced it had terminated the deal with ProCom. Bloomberg posted an apology on his Twitter account conceding that the Intercept report had been correct.
Given the enormous popular hostility to the domination of American life by billionaires, which has found a distorted expression in the campaigns of both Sanders and Warren, it would require more than just unlimited amounts of money to win the presidency for Bloomberg or Steyer.
There are, of course, more billionaires in America than these two, and many of them are politically engaged in supporting one or another Democratic hopeful. Sanders claimed during last week’s debate in Los Angeles that 44 billionaires were supporting Biden and 39 were supporting Buttigieg, while he proclaimed that no billionaires were supporting him.
Warren also sought to strike an anti-billionaire pose at the debate, attacking Buttigieg for consorting with millionaires and billionaires at a fundraiser and declaring, “Billionaires in wine caves should not pick the next president of the United States.”
Buttigieg retorted that he was the only person on the stage “who is not a millionaire or a billionaire.” He pointed out that Warren had held similar big money fundraisers during her Senate campaigns and concluded, “This is the problem with issuing purity tests you cannot yourself pass.”
The truth is that all of the Democratic candidates, billionaires and non-billionaires alike, are hardened defenders of American capitalism, the economic system that produces billionaires and mass impoverishment and social misery, side by side.
Even the most demagogic and supposedly “left” of the candidates, Sanders and Warren, propose only infinitesimal increases in taxes on the super-rich (Warren’s panacea is a two percent levy on wealth), while leaving the overall operation of the profit system, and the domination of giant banks and corporations, otherwise intact.
///
Bloomberg and his fellow oligarchs lay down the law: Not a penny more in taxes
Many of the billionaires who own America and consider it their fiefdom have rallied behind one of their own, Michael Bloomberg, who last week announced a potential run for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Bloomberg, the three-time former mayor of New York and founder of Bloomberg News, is himself worth an estimated $53 billion, placing him ninth on the list of wealthiest Americans. He let it be known that he was taking steps to enter the race pending a final decision to run, reversing his announcement last March that he would not run because he believed former Vice President Joe Biden had a lock on the nomination.
The immediate developments that triggered his announcement were the rise in the polls of Elizabeth Warren at the expense of Biden, the right-winger favored by the Democratic Party establishment and Wall Street among the current field of candidates. Polls show Warren leading in the first two primary states, Iowa and New Hampshire, while Biden has dropped into fourth place behind Buttigieg and Sanders.
Michael Bloomberg speaks at a news conference (AP Photo/John Locher, File)
The second event was Warren’s announcement November 1 of a six percent tax on wealth holdings above $1 billion as part of her “Medicare for All” plan. That tax is on top of a previous proposal to tax holdings above $50 million at two percent.
Neither of these taxes would be passed by either of the two big business parties, and Warren knows it. The same is true for Bernie Sanders and his similar plan to finance “Medicare for All” in part by increasing taxes on the rich. The two candidates are engaging in populist demagogy in order to divert growing working-class resistance and anti-capitalist sentiment behind the Democratic Party, where it can be dissipated and suppressed.
But the modern-day lords and ladies who inhabit the world of the super-rich are indignant over any possibility of having to give up a part of their fortune to pay for things such as health care, education, housing and a livable environment. And they are petrified at the prospect of popular anger against the staggering levels of social inequality erupting into revolutionary upheavals.
They do not fear Warren, a self-described “capitalist to my bones,” or Sanders, a long-standing Democratic Party operative, so much as the possibility of reform proposals encouraging social opposition. They want to block their candidacies so as to exclude the issue of social inequality from the 2020 election.
The levels of wealth wasted on this parasitic elite are almost beyond comprehension. Here is how economist Branko Milanovic put it in his 2016 book Global Inequality:
It is very difficult to comprehend what a number such as one billion really means. A billion dollars is so far outside the usual experience of practically everybody on earth that the very quantity it implies is not easily understood—other than that it is a very large amount indeed... Suppose now that you inherited either $1 million or $1 billion, and that you spent $1,000 every day. It would take you less than three years to run through your inheritance in the first case, and more than 2,700 years (that is, the time that separates us from Homer’s Iliad) to blow your inheritance in the second case.
And yet, there are 607 people in the United States with a net worth of over a billion dollars.
Bloomberg, a liberal on so-called social issues such as abortion, gun control and the environment, is a vicious enemy of the working class. As New York mayor from 2002 to 2014, he attacked city workers, laid off thousands of teachers, cut social programs and presided over the biggest transfer of wealth from the working class to Wall Street in the history of the city. He expanded the hated “stop and frisk” policy that encouraged police to brutalize working class youth.
Last January he denounced Warren’s proposal to tax wealth above $50 million as “probably unconstitutional.” Echoing Trump’s anti-socialist propaganda, he warned that seriously pursuing the plan could “wreck the country’s prosperity” and pointed to Venezuela as an example of the supposed failure of “socialism.”
Over the past several months, at least 16 billionaires have gone on record opposing proposals for a wealth tax. This chorus has grown more shrill since the release of Warren’s Medicare plan.
JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon, declaring that “freedom and free enterprise are interchangeable,” complained on CNBC last week that Warren “vilifies successful people.”
Microsoft founder Bill Gates, whose personal fortune of $108 billion places him second in the US behind Jeff Bezos (whose Washington Post has run a string of editorials denouncing wealth taxes, the Green New Deal and other proposed reforms), said last week, “I do think if you tax too much you do risk the capital formation, innovation, the US as the desirable place to do innovative companies.”
Billionaire Mark Cuban tweeted that Warren was “selling shiny objects to divert attention from reality” and accused her of “misleading” voters on the cost of her program.
Hedge fund owner Leon Cooperman, worth a “mere” $3.2 billion, appeared on CNBC and said, “I don’t need Elizabeth Warren or the government giving away my money. [Warren] and Bernie Sanders are presenting a lot of ideas to the public that are morally and socially bankrupt.” A few days later he announced his support for Bloomberg’s potential candidacy.
The New York Times, the voice of the Democratic Party establishment, has run a number of op-ed pieces denouncing Warren’s wealth tax proposal, including one by Wall Street financier Steven Rattner, who headed up Obama’s 2009 bailout of GM and Chrysler until he was forced off of the Auto Task Force because of corruption charges laid by the Securities and Exchange Commission. While he was on the panel, he imposed a 50 percent across-the-board cut on the pay of newly hired GM and Chrysler workers.
But for fawning toward the oligarchs, viciousness toward the working class and yearning for an authoritarian savior from social unrest, it is hard to beat this week’s column by the Times ’ Thomas Friedman, headlined “Why I Like Mike.”
Calling for “celebrating and growing entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship,” he writes: “I want a Democratic candidate who is ready to promote all these goals, not one who tries to rile up the base by demonizing our most successful entrepreneurs… Increasingly the Democratic left sound hostile to that whole constituency of job-creators. They sound like an anti-business party… The Democrats also need a candidate who can project strength. When people are stressed and frightened, they want a strong leader.”
This is under conditions of record stock prices on Wall Street and ever rising levels of social inequality. A recent study by economist Gabriel Zucman showed that the richest 400 Americans now own more of the country’s wealth than the 150 million adults in the bottom 60 percent of the wealth distribution. The oligarchs’ share has tripled since the 1980s.
In their new book, The Triumph of Injustice, Zucman and Saez show that in 2018, for the first time in US history, the wealthiest households paid a lower tax rate—in federal, state and local taxes—than every other income group. Since 1980, the overall tax rate on the wealthy in America has been cut in half, dropping from 47 percent to 23 percent today.
The United States is not a democracy in any true sense. It is an oligarchic society, economically and politically dominated by a slim but fabulously wealthy elite.
The ferocious response of the oligarchs to the half-hearted proposals of Sanders and Warren to cut into their fortunes underscores the bankruptcy of their talk of enacting serious reforms within the framework of capitalism. The same goes for the pseudo-left organizations such as the Democratic Socialists of America and Socialist Alternative that have jumped with both feet onto the Sanders bandwagon, and will no doubt shift over to Warren should she win the nomination.
There is no way to address the urgent problems of health care, education, housing, the environment and war without directly attacking the stranglehold over society exercised by the corporate-financial aristocracy. Their wealth must be expropriated and put toward the satisfaction of the social needs of the working class, the vast majority of the population.
The corporations and banks must be taken out of private hands and turned into publicly owned utilities under the democratic control of the working class, so that the production and distribution of goods can be rationally and humanely organized to meet human needs, not private profit.
This is a revolutionary task. The key to its achievement lies in the growing upsurge of class struggle in the US and internationally. This movement will expand, but it needs a conscious political leadership.
Trump: Open Borders Threatens the
Wage Gains of America’s Lowest-Income Workers
President Donald
Trump touted the wage gains for Americans in the lowest income brackets, adding
that that the open borders policies of the Democratic Party threaten those
gains.
Record 44.5 Million Immigrants in 2017
Non-Mexico Latin American, Asian, and African populations grew most
Michael Bloomberg: Government Should
Import ‘an Awful Lot More’ Immigrants
26 Nov 201932
4:25
Democratic 2020 candidate Michael Bloomberg says he will
recruit “an awful lot more” immigrants “to take all the different kinds of
jobs” in the U.S. economy.
The immigrants can “improve our culture, our cuisine, our religion,
our dialogue, and certainly improve our economy,” Bloomberg told reporters
without naming the American cultures, cuisines, religions, and dialogues that
would be improved.
Bloomberg’s comments reflect the views of wealthy investors who
gain stock market wealth when the government imports more workers,
welfare-aided consumers, and extra renters into communities created by
Americans and their children.
In his comments, Bloomberg echoed the 1960s claim that the
U.S is a diverse “nation of immigrants,” instead of a country build by
similar-minded settlers from Europe. “This country was built by immigrants,”
Bloomberg said, without noting the role played by Americans and their children.
Bloomberg, who owns roughly $55 billion in assets, has long
supported mass migration. In 2013, he joined with the owner of Fox News, Rupert
Murdoch, to create the Project for a New American Economy. The group of
investors and politicians pushed for passage of the
Gang of Eight amnesty in 2013.
In 2019, the group is pushing for the S.386 law
that would help investors by encouraging many more Indian
graduates to take white-collar jobs from American graduates.
Bloomberg’s group is also pushing for legislation
that would provide an endless supply of H-2A visa workers to investors in the
agriculture sector. The wage-capped workers would likely displace Americans, reduce
pressure on investors to buy high-tech farm machinery, and convert many
agriculture towns into “company towns” dominated by a single employer.
NC
GOP @SenThomTillis
wants to reward India's workers who take US jobs from American graduates. He's
backing @SenMikeLee's @S386
bill which gives citizenship to Indians for taking Americans' jobs. Big subsidy
for US investors, big loss for NC graduates. http://bit.ly/2rp19J3
The U.S. already imports many immigrants — roughly one million
per year, even as four million Americans turn 18 and prepare to join the workforce.
“We need an awful lot more immigrants rather than less,”
Bloomberg told reporters after he filed the paperwork needed to join the
Democratic Party’s primary in Arizona:
We have to go out and actually try to recruit immigrants to come
here. We need immigrants to take all the different kinds of jobs that the
country needs – improve our culture, our cuisine, our religion, our dialogue,
and certainly improve our economy.
Bloomberg — who has a personal wealth of roughly $55 billion —
then blasted President Donald Trump’s campaign to block the wave of Central
American migrants sparked by the establishment’s tacit support for mass
migration:
I think what Donald Trump has done, of ripping kids away from
their [migrant] parents, is a disgrace. I think of what we’re done, where we
don’t know who we’re taking in, and we don’t help people when we’re here, is a
disgrace. I think talking about deporting 11 million people is so outrageous to
try to explain to your kids what that was all about. Our immigration system is
broken and we’re not doing anything to fix it.
In 2013, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) predicted the planned “Gang
of Eight” amnesty would shift more of the nation’s new wealth from workers to
investors.
The flood of roughly 30 million immigrants in ten years would
cause Americans wages to shrink, the report said. “Because the bill would
increase the rate of growth of the labor force, average wages would be held
down in the first decade after enactment,” the CBO report said.
But all that cheap labor would boost the profits and the stock
market, the report said. “The rate of return on capital would be higher [than
on labor] under the legislation than under current law throughout the next two
decades,” says the report, titled “The Economic Impact of S. 744.”
In contrast, Trump’s opposition to Central American migrants and
to amnesty bills sought by the establishment has helped to nudge up wages for
blue-collar Americans, especially in the midwest battleground states, according
to a November 26 report posted by Bloomberg’s news
service:
Personal income growth has been surging in some political U.S.
battlegrounds, including a third of the counties in Pennsylvania — which Donald
Trump narrowly flipped in 2016 and may need to win re-election next year.
In the president’s first two years in office, a total of 325
counties representing nearly 6% of the U.S. population experienced their best
annualized income gains since at least 1992, according to data compiled by
Bloomberg News. And 127 of those are located in perennial swing states,
including Ohio and Iowa.
Good
news: GOP Reps. voted against wage-cuts and job outsourcing.
Bad
news: GOP Reps only voted against the cuts b/c they were wrapped in a
farmworker amnesty which would cut GOP jobs in 2026.
2020 ElectionImmigrationPolitics2020asylumH-1BH2AMichael BloombergMigrantmigrationMike BloombergS. 386
Trump: Open Borders Threatens the
Wage Gains of America’s Lowest-Income Workers
President Donald
Trump touted the wage gains for Americans in the lowest income brackets, adding
that that the open borders policies of the Democratic Party threaten those
gains.
“Since
the election, real wages have gone up 3.2 percent for the median American
worker,” Trump said in a speech Tuesday to the Economic Club of New York. “But
for the bottom income group, real wages are soaring. A number that has never
happened before. Nine percent.”
Wage
gains for those near the bottom of America’s economic ladder have been
particularly strong this year. The lowest-paid Americans saw weekly earnings
rise by more than 5 percent in the second quarter from a year earlier,
according to a quarterly survey of households produced by the Labor
Department. Workers with less than a high-school diploma saw their wages
grow nearly 6 percent.
“That may
mean you make a couple of bucks less in your companies,” Trump said. “And you
know what? That’s okay. This is a great thing for our country. When you talk
about equality. This is a great thing for our country.”
The
so-called “poverty gap”–which measures the heightened poverty rate among blacks
and Hispanics compared to poverty overall–shrank to its lowest level on record
last year. The racial gap in unemployment has also contracted as unemployment rates hit
record lows this year. Black unemployment hit its lowest level on record in
November.
Trump
gave credit to the tight labor market for the improvement in wages and
employment. But opening the countries borders to new workers from abroad would
threaten those gains, he added.
“Our
tight labor market is helping them the most,” Trump said. “Yet the Democrats in
Washington want to erase these gains through an extreme policy of open borders,
flooding the labor market and driving down incomes for the poorest Americans.
And driving crime through the roof.”
Economic
studies have shown that when the supply of workers goes up, the price that
companies have to pay to hire workers goes down.
“Wage
trends over the past half-century suggest that a 10 percent increase in the
number of workers with a particular set of skills probably lowers the wage of
that group by at least 3 percent,” Harvard economist George Borjas has written. “But because a disproportionate
percentage of immigrants have few skills, it is low-skilled American workers,
including many blacks and Hispanics, who have suffered most from this wage
dip.”
Record 44.5 Million Immigrants in 2017
Non-Mexico Latin American, Asian, and African populations grew most
Steven A. Camarota is the
director of research and Karen Zeigler is a demographer at the Center.
On September 13, the Census Bureau
released some data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) that shows
significant growth in the immigrant (legal and illegal) population living in
the United States. The number of immigrants (legal and illegal) from Latin
American countries other than Mexico, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa grew
significantly, while the number from Mexico, Europe, and Canada stayed about
the same or even declined since 2010. The Census Bureau refers to immigrants as
the "foreign-born", which includes all those who were not U.S.
citizens at birth. The Department of Homeland Security has previously estimated
that 1.9 million immigrants are missed by the ACS, so the total number of
immigrants in 2017 was likely 46.4 million.1
Among the findings in the new data:
·
The nation's immigrant population (legal and
illegal) hit a record 44.5 million in July 2017, an increase of nearly 800,000
since 2016, 4.6 million since 2010, and 13.4 million since 2000.
·
It is worth noting that the Census Bureau's
Current Population Survey (CPS), released the same week but collected in March
2018, shows 45.4 million immigrants, an increase of 1.6 million over the prior
year. While the CPS is smaller than the ACS, the newer survey may indicate the
pace of growth has accelerated.
·
As a share of the U.S. population, the ACS (used
in the remainder of this report) shows that immigrants (legal and illegal)
comprised 13.7 percent or nearly one out of seven U.S. residents in 2017, the
highest percentage in 107 years. As recently as 1980, just one out of 16
residents was foreign-born.
·
Between 2010 and 2017, 9.5 million new
immigrants settled in the United States. New arrivals are offset by roughly
320,000 immigrants who return home each year and natural mortality of about
290,000 annually among the existing immigrant population.2 As a result, growth in
the immigrant population was 4.6 million from 2010 to 2017.3
·
In addition to immigrants, there were 17.1
million U.S.-born minor children with an immigrant parent in 2017, for a total
of 61.6 million immigrants and their children in the country — accounting for
one in five U.S. residents.4
·
Of immigrants who have come since 2010, 13
percent or 1.2 million came from Mexico — by far the top sending country.
However, because of return migration and natural mortality among the existing
population, the overall Mexican-born population actually declined by 441,190.5
·
The sending regions with the largest numerical
increases from 2016 to 2017 in the number of immigrants living in the United
States were South America (up 233,696); East Asia (up 226,728); South Asia (up
216,495); Sub-Saharan Africa (up 149,846); the Caribbean (up 121,120); and
Central America (up 71,720).6
·
Looking longer term, the regions with the
largest numerical increases since 2010 were East Asia, (up 1,118,937); South
Asia (up 1,106,373); the Caribbean (up 676,023); Sub-Saharan Africa (up
606,835); South America (up 483,356); Central America (up 474,504); and the Middle
East (up 472,554).
·
The decline in Mexican immigrants masks, to some
extent, the enormous growth of Latin American immigrants. If seen as one
region, the number from Latin America (excluding Mexico) grew 426,536 in just
the last year and 1.6 million since 2010 — significantly more than from any
other part of the world.
·
The sending countries with the largest numerical increases
in immigrants in the United States between 2010 and 2017 were India (up
830,215); China (up 677,312); the Dominican Republic (up 283,381); the
Philippines (up 230,492); Cuba (up 207,124); El Salvador (up 187,783);
Venezuela (up 167,105); Colombia (up 146,477); Honduras (up 132,781); Guatemala
(up 128,018); Nigeria (up 125,670); Brazil (up 111,471); Vietnam (up 102,026);
Bangladesh (up 95,005); Haiti (up 92,603); and Pakistan (up 92,395).
·
The sending countries with the largest percentage increases
in immigrants since 2010 were Nepal (up 120 percent); Burma (up 95 percent);
Venezuela (up 91 percent); Afghanistan (up 84 percent); Saudi Arabia (up 83
percent); Syria (up 75 percent); Bangladesh (up 62 percent); Nigeria (up 57
percent); Kenya (up 56 percent); India (up 47 percent); Iraq (up 45 percent);
Ethiopia (up 44 percent); Egypt (up 34 percent); Brazil (up 33 percent); the
Dominican Republic (up 32 percent); Ghana (up 32 percent); China (up 31
percent); Pakistan (up 31 percent); and Somalia (up 29 percent).
·
The states with the largest numerical increases
since 2010 were Florida (up 721,298); Texas (up 712,109); California (up
502,985); New York (up 242,769); New Jersey (up 210,481); Washington (up
173,891); Massachusetts (up 172,908); Pennsylvania (up 154,701); Virginia (up
151,251); Maryland (up 124,241); Georgia (123,009); Michigan (up 116,059);
North Carolina (up 110,279); and Minnesota (up 107,760).
·
The states with the largest percentage increases
since 2010 were North Dakota (up 87 percent); Delaware (up 37 percent); West
Virginia (up 33 percent); South Dakota (up 32 percent); Wyoming (up 30
percent); Minnesota (up 28 percent); Nebraska (up 28 percent); Pennsylvania (up
21 percent); Utah (up 21 percent); and Tennessee, Kentucky, Michigan, Florida,
Washington, and Iowa (all up 20 percent).
Data Source. On
September 13, 2018, the Census Bureau released some of the data from the 2017
American Community Survey (ACS). The survey reflects the U.S. population as of
July 1, 2017. The ACS is by far the largest survey taken by the federal
government each year and includes over two million households.7 The Census Bureau has
posted some of the results from the ACS to its American FactFinder website.8 It has not released the
public-use version of the ACS for researchers to download and analyze. However,
a good deal of information can be found at FactFinder. Unless otherwise
indicated, the information in this analysis comes directly from FactFinder.
The immigrant population, referred
to as the "foreign-born" by the Census Bureau, is comprised of those
individuals who were not U.S. citizens at birth. It includes naturalized
citizens, legal permanent residents (green card holders), temporary workers,
and foreign students. It does not include those born to immigrants in the
United States, including to illegal immigrant parents, or those born in
outlying U.S. territories, such as Puerto Rico. Prior research by the
Department of Homeland Security and others indicates that some 90 percent of
illegal immigrants respond to the ACS. Thus all the figures reported above are
for both legal and illegal immigrants.
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