Panel in California, a Free State Since Birth, Recommends Reparations, Apology for Slavery
A panel set up by California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) in 2020 approved recommendations Saturday in Oakland for reparations for slavery and an apology, even though the state entered the Union as a free state in 1850.
The Los Angeles Times reported:
California’s Reparations Task Force voted on Saturday to recommend that the state issue a formal apology for slavery and potentially provide billions of dollars in cash payments, moving forward a historic effort to enact remedies and compensation for descendants of African Americans who were enslaved in the U.S.
The vote at a public meeting in Oakland marks the beginning of the end of the nine-member panel’s two-year process to craft a report recommending reparations for slavery, which is due to the state Legislature by July 1.
The panel argued that California must apologize for slavery because it had racist governors and enforced the federal fugitive slave law, requiring escaped slaves to be returned to their purported owners in the South.
The task force was established under a law passed in the wake of the George Floyd riots and the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020. It is made up primarily of black members and not demographically representative of the state’s population. The panel also considered post-slavery discrimination and harms to black people, such as “mass incarceration” under the state’s formerly tough crime laws (which have since been reformed).
The panel calculated that each black resident of the state is potentially owed $1.2 million in compensation, based on disparities in life expectancy, and estimates of the cost of over-policing and housing discrimination.
It is unclear how the state will afford the staggering cost — which is several times the state budget — after it crashed from a $100 billion surplus last year to more than a $22.5 billion deficit in the coming fiscal year.
The panel also recommended other policy changes, such as repealing Proposition 209, a referendum passed in 1996 that bans affirmative action by the state government. Voters defended the measure as recently as 2020.
The legislature will consider the recommendations before voting on them. The process has received so much media attention that there will be extreme pressure to act, despite considerations of affordability and efficacy.
Joel B. Pollak is Senior Editor-at-Large at Breitbart News and the host of Breitbart News Sunday on Sirius XM Patriot on Sunday evenings from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. ET (4 p.m. to 7 p.m. PT). He is the author of the new biography, Rhoda: ‘Comrade Kadalie, You Are Out of Order’. He is also the author of the recent e-book, Neither Free nor Fair: The 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. He is a winner of the 2018 Robert Novak Journalism Alumni Fellowship. Follow him on Twitter at @joelpollak.
NAME AN AMERICAN CITY NOT NEAR TO BEING DESTROYED BY BLACK CRIME, ASSAULT, STORE LOOTING, CARJACKINGS, HOME INVASION AND MURDER!
BLACKS MAKE UP ONLY ABOUT 8% OF SAN FRANCISCO'S OPULATION, BUT PERPETRATE 40%+ OF THE CITY'S CRIME. THESE ARE PRE-COVID, CARJACKINGS AND STORE LOOTING NUMBERS.
WATCH — Protesters Flood NYC Subway After Jordan Neely Death: ‘No Justice, No Peace!’
Protesters swarmed New York City on Saturday in the wake of a homeless man’s death and demanded the abolishment of police.
Thirty-year-old Jordan Neely was allegedly choked to death by a Marine veteran on Monday, according to Fox News.
The demonstrators flooded the 63rd Street-Lexington Avenue subway station, and many of them climbed down onto the tracks while chanting “No justice, no peace” and “abolish the police.”
The homeless man died after he was put in a chokehold for several minutes, according to Breitbart News.
Neely had allegedly been acting erratically. According to police, he had a history of mental health problems along with arrests for assault and disorderly conduct.
However, Neely had reportedly not attacked anyone nearby before the incident happened.
According to the Breitbart News article:
The footage shows two other passengers constraining Neely, who was flailing his arms. After Neely stopped moving, the passengers continued to hold him for an additional 50 seconds. During that time one of the men, who looked to be holding Neely’s arms, said the other passenger was “not squeezing no more.”
The young man involved was taken into custody but eventually released. A medical examiner later deemed Neely’s death a homicide.
The Manhattan DA’s office said it will investigate but did not indicate whether it will file charges against the man involved.
Protesters stand on the trains tracks at the Lexington Ave/63rd Street subway station as a train approaches the station during a “Justice for Jordan Neely” protest that began outside the Broadway-Lafayette station on May 06, 2023 in New York City. (Alexi Rosenfeld/Getty Images)
Meanwhile, Fox News identified the man as 24-year-old Marine veteran and college student Daniel James Penny whose lawyers said he “never intended to harm Mr. Neely and could not have foreseen his untimely death.”
“When Mr. Neely began aggressively threatening Daniel Penny and the other passengers, Daniel, with the help of others, acted to protect themselves, until help arrived,” claimed the attorneys with Raiser & Kenniff.
A march for Neely was apparently held Friday in New York City, according to images shared online:
Additional video footage posted Saturday shows protesters clash with officers. At one point, a man is trying to board a train but is unable to because of the throng of people.
He is then told to “get another train.”
On Friday, Journalist Andy Ngô reported “Comrade Don Curtis, a convicted murderer & violent robber, leads a BLM-style protest for #JordanNeely in NYC.”
Curtis, wearing a black hoodie and cap, said “They days of murdering us and getting away with it are fucking over. If we have to strap up and come out here and just start popping, it’s gonna happen. We’re tired of it,” the man claimed:
“They didn’t learn after George Floyd. They didn’t fucking learn,” another man at the gathering shouts
BLM is following a business model where victimhood is the product while outrage is the marketing strategy. This was pioneered by veteran race hustler Al Sharpton.
During his heyday, Sharpton made appearances following an incident where there were racial implications to make inflammatory speeches. Once they poured petrol into the fire he just flew out of the place and used it to raise funds for ‘charity’.
Sharpton seems to have mostly used his charity to enrich himself and his family. Sharpton was also a tax dodger; in 2016, he personally owed over $3 million in federal taxes.
A Representative Tragedy
Had he been in treatment, Jordan Neely’s death in a subway car may have been prevented.
This past Monday afternoon, a black man named Jordan Neely died in a subway car following a struggle with other passengers. Press reports present these details: Neely had untreated serious mental illness, he had not assaulted anyone but was displaying a threatening manner, the man who subdued him with a chokehold was white and had a military background, and Neely had a long involvement with the criminal-justice system. Further facts may be forthcoming, particularly if Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg decides to press charges against Neely’s subduer. But some essential details we may never know. For example, we may never know what kind of involvement Neely had with health and human services systems.
Criminal-justice reformers might point out, correctly, that Neely’s many past arrests did not stabilize him. But nor did whatever contact he may have had with homeless outreach teams, social workers, safe-haven shelters, and outpatient clinics. There are no equivalents of “inmate finder” websites for social programs. Details about Neely’s involvement with health systems and social services could help inform policymakers about how best to design programs to head off the next “preventable tragedy.” Did any past intervention work, at least temporarily? When “service-resistant” seriously mentally ill people spurn initial offers of treatment, how much of an effort is made, on the part of city bureaucrats and nonprofit social-services contractors, to re-engage?
The debate over crisis response concerns how to deal with situations like this one. Many people with a military or law enforcement background are disposed to rush in, to intervene. As illustrated by the contrast between the responses to the March 2023 Nashville school shooting and the May 2022 Uvalde school shooting, a disposition to act quickly can sometimes make all the difference in resolving a crisis effectively. It’s also true, however, that containment can be the sounder approach when dealing with the mentally ill. Some situations (at home) will be more manageable in this way than others (in a public setting). Distinguishing between containable and non-containable crises can require split-second judgements.
Rushing in is not the way of the typical civilian “straphanger.” This detail of the Neely tragedy is unrepresentative. Some New York boosters celebrate the packed subway car—in which financiers, immigrant laborers, college students, Orthodox Jews, and charter school kids all sit cheek by jowl—as testament to the city’s success with diversity. But scenes like that also recall the sentiment of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”: “Good fences make good neighbors.” No one’s attacking anyone, but nor is anyone communicating or even acknowledging another’s existence. In such close quarters, the only way that diversity can work is for everyone to keep his distance from everyone else. As for disorder—someone screaming, say, or wildly gesticulating—you’re generally expected either to endure it or rely on public authorities to handle it.
The Neely tragedy was preventable insofar as it wouldn’t have happened if he had been in treatment, which was not the case, according to his family. This detail also makes his a representative tragedy. His aunt told the New York Post: “The whole system just failed him. He fell through the cracks of the system.” Observations like that can be found in the coverage of practically every mental illness-related death. The Neely case shows that Mayor Eric Adams’s involuntary treatment plan, launched last November, has yet to bring stability to the subways; at the same time, the case demonstrates the need for something like Adams’s plan. Would anything proposed by the mayor’s civil liberties critics have prevented what happened? Again, conveniently for the critics, we will likely never know, due to privacy law and the nonprofit sector’s opacity.
Sadly, this story’s most typical detail may be local progressives’ racially divisive rhetoric about it—describing Neely’s death, for example, as a “lynching.” There’s always a possibility that incidents like these can advance the cause of substantive mental health reform. It’s happened at least once before, and mental-health reform sometimes shows signs of enjoying bipartisan support. Admittedly, it’s a slim possibility. And it’s made even slimmer when racial rhetoric diverts public attention away from the far more constructive focus on untreated serious mental illness.
Marine who put Jordan Neely into chokehold on subway acted in self-defense, lawyers say
The New York City subway rider accused in the chokehold death of a homeless man is a U.S. Marine veteran who was acting to protect himself and other riders and never intended harm, his lawyers said Friday evening.
Daniel J. Penny, 24, has been identified by authorities as the man who allegedly put Jordan Neely in a chokehold following what police said was an altercation Monday on a northbound F train, according to two law enforcement officials familiar with the investigation.
"When Mr. Neely began aggressively threatening Daniel Penny and the other passengers, Daniel, with the help of others, acted to protect themselves, until help arrived," lawyers for Penny said in a statement Friday evening. "Daniel never intended to harm Mr. Neely and could not have foreseen his untimely death."
Neely, 30, was unconscious when police arrived at the Broadway and East Houston Street subway station, and pronounced dead at a hospital, New York police said.
He died from "compression of neck (chokehold)" and the manner was homicide, the city chief medical examiner’s office said. Penny was taken into custody Monday, questioned by police and released. No charges have been filed against him.
Lawmakers and others asked why he was not held by law enforcement authorities longer.
On Friday, two sources familiar with the matter said Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg is expected to present the case to a grand jury for its consideration of possible charges. The timing of when charges might materialize or when the case would otherwise close without prosecution was not clear.
Penny’s lawyers said Neely had a documented history of violent and erratic behavior, the apparent result of ongoing and untreated mental illness.
“For too long, those suffering from mental illness have been treated with indifference,” the Raiser and Kenniff law firm said in its statement on behalf of Penny. “We hope that out of this awful tragedy will come a new commitment by our elected officials to address the mental health crisis on our streets and subways.”
The incident, partly captured on cellphone video, has sparked a national debate, with people denouncing vigilantism and some politicians demanding officials do more to address homelessness, mental health and violence on subways. Neely, a subway busker who performed dance routines in costume as Michael Jackson, suffered from mental illness, attorneys for his family said.
Race Hustler Al Sharpton Says He Told Alvin Bragg To Prosecute Subway 'Vigilante'
Longtime race hustler Al Sharpton said Thursday that he spoke to Manhattan district attorney Alvin Bragg (D.) about prosecuting the people who restrained a homeless man who was threatening subway passengers, causing the man's death.
"I've talked to the DA's office," Sharpton told MSNBC host Joy Reid. "They must investigate and prosecute to the full extent of the law."
The homeless man, Jordan Neely, on Monday started throwing garbage at subway passengers and making threats, shouting, "I'll hurt anyone on this train." Multiple passengers restrained him, with one putting him in a headlock, which caused Neely's death.
Sharpton and other media personalities falsely claimed that Neely, who has a long criminal history that includes kidnapping and assault, was "impersonating Michael Jackson" before his death.
"To let this go forward in any way is to sanction vigilante-ism [sic] in this city," Sharpton thundered. "This is really giving legitimacy to those that can say, 'I can get up on the subway if somebody's making noise and do what I want to do, including causing their death.'"
Sharpton rose to fame in the 1980s and 1990s through racial rabble-rousing, spearheading the Tawana Brawley rape hoax and the anti-Semitic Crown Heights riot. He has since reinvented himself as "one of the most influential figures within the Democratic Party and media establishment," the Washington Free Beacon reported, with Vice President Kamala Harris last month telling him, "I love you."
Other left-wingers have also demanded that New York City officials act against the people who restrained Neely. Far-left congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D., N.Y.) on Wednesday blamed New York City mayor Eric Adams (D.) for Neely's death, saying that Adams "cut the very services that could have helped" Neely. New York City comptroller Brad Lander (D.) and Massachusetts congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (D.) struck similar notes.
None of the left-wingers mentioned New York City's massive crime spike, which started after progressives in the State Legislature passed far-left bail reform laws.
Bragg, a "criminal justice reform" advocate, may listen to Sharpton's demand to prosecute the passenger who put Neely in a headlock. While police let the passenger go without charges, Bragg's office announced Wednesday that it is investigating the man.
Published under: Al Sharpton , Alvin Bragg , bail reform , Crime , MSNBC , New York City
THERE IS NOTHING MORE RACIST THAN THE BLM HOAX. NOR VIOLENT!
BLM is following a business model where victimhood is the product while outrage is the marketing strategy. This was pioneered by veteran race hustler Al Sharpton.
During his heyday, Sharpton made appearances following an incident where there were racial implications to make inflammatory speeches. Once they poured petrol into the fire he just flew out of the place and used it to raise funds for ‘charity’.
Sharpton seems to have mostly used his charity to enrich himself and his family. Sharpton was also a tax dodger; in 2016, he personally owed over $3 million in federal taxes.
BLM student activist’s lies destroy the life of fellow white student
Reason magazine recently reported that Black Lives Matter activist Zyahna Bryant ruined the reputation of a fellow University of Virginia student Morgan Bettinger with claims of racism.
This incident occurred in July 2020 during the George Floyd riots. UVA student Zyahna Bryant, then 19, was a high-profile activist and was a prominent member of the ‘protests.’
Bettinger was driving home from work when she saw a dump truck blocking the road ahead such that she had no room to turn around. When she stepped out, the dump truck driver informed her that he protecting the demonstrators.
“It’s a good thing that you are here, because otherwise, these people would have been speed bumps” replied Bettinger. Bettinger said, her “speed bumps” remark emanated from gratitude to the driver for guarding the demonstrators. The truck driver corroborated Bettinger’s remark to local law enforcement.
But Zyahna Bryant, perhaps purposefully, misinterpreted Bettinger’s comments. Bryant claimed that Bettinger threatened demonstrators calling them “good f–king speed bumps.” Bryant posted the following tweet:
“The woman in this truck approached protesters in #Charlottesville, and told us that we would make ‘good speed bumps'”
“She then called the police and started crying saying we were attacking her.”
The post was retweeted more than 1,000 times.
Bryant also posted videos — not of the alleged “speed bump” remark, but of its aftermath where Bettinger returns to her car while Bryant and other ‘protesters’ follow and begin taunting and attacking her car.
The story was reported by local media and spread like wildfire.
Bettinger was identified online and was barraged with vicious insults from fellow UVA students; she was called a Nazi and a White Supremacist.
Emboldened by the impact of her post, Bryant began a campaign to send mass complaints to school administrators demanding Bettinger's expulsion. She tweeted the following:
“EMAIL these UVA deans now to demand that Morgan face consequences for her actions and that UVA stop graduating racists”
Bryant also filed a complaint with the University Judiciary Committee, a student-run disciplinary system, alleging Bettinger had threatened students’ health and safety. A student disciplinary hearing concluded that Bettinger was guilty of making a legal threat against the protesters.
It is important to state Bryant’s accusation against Bettinger remained uncorroborated, despite the fact that there were over 30 people around.
Yet Bettinger was the subject of numerous investigations in the subsequent months.
Bryant also complained to the school's Office for Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights (EOCR), claiming that Bettinger had used racial slurs five times and had treated Bryant unfairly.
EOCR could not substantiate three of the five charges.
Bryant later acknowledged that she might have misheard Bettinger’s 'speed bumps' assertion.
So, who is Zyahna Bryant?
Bryant received national attention after writing a 2016 petition demanding that Charlottesville take down its statue of Robert E. Lee.
By the summer of 2020, she was on Teen Vogue’s “21 under 21” list.
She even shared a platform alongside Bernie Sanders and was profiled by various liberal mouthpieces such as the New Yorker and the New York Times.
The UVA incident and Bryant’s accusations against Bettinger bolstered Bryant’s profile. She was the subject of a glowing Washington Post profile in 2021 and was named to Ebony magazine’s “Power 100” list. She was also featured in a Juneteenth-themed post on Instagram's official page.
What about Morgan Bettinger?
Bettinger is a first-generation college student; her father was a police officer who died of cancer six years before the incident.
Bettinger told Reason magazine that she “was completely consumed” by the ordeal. She said her phone did not stop “blowing up” perhaps due to calls and social media alerts. She said it ruined her peace and affected her sleep for a long time. She also said the stress of the experience cause her to fall sick and constantly vomit.
Bettinger eventually graduated from UVA but her reputation has been permanently sullied.
With such a severe mark on her disciplinary record, her academic and professional prospects have been reduced. She still lives and works in the Charlottesville area, but lives in fear of being stalked and harassed.
"This whole situation has had a huge impact on my life," Bettinger says. "The university has never had to answer for what their actions have done."
She said she is planning a lawsuit against the school, Reason reported.
To sum it up: Bryant will thrive while Bettinger will struggle, perhaps all her life.
So, what do we make of all this?
BLM is following a business model where victimhood is the product while outrage is the marketing strategy. This was pioneered by veteran race hustler Al Sharpton.
During his heyday, Sharpton made appearances following an incident where there were racial implications to make inflammatory speeches. Once they poured petrol into the fire he just flew out of the place and used it to raise funds for ‘charity’.
Sharpton seems to have mostly used his charity to enrich himself and his family. Sharpton was also a tax dodger; in 2016, he personally owed over $3 million in federal taxes.
BLM and its protégées such as Bryant have taken the business model to a different level.
They used George Floyd’s death to create a climate of fear. They implicitly urged celebrities, corporate houses, and politicians to donate. These donations were actually protection money and a guarantee that to be regarded as among the good ones.
Their con was lucrative.
In February 2021, BLM published an 'impact report' which states that it closed out 2020 with $60 million in its bank accounts. The outfit failed to file taxes for 2020. Floyd’s family is unlikely to have received even a penny of those funds.
In April 2021, the NY Post reported that BLM co-founder Patrisse Cullors, then its executive director, had spent $3.2 million on various real estate purchases across the US.
New York Magazine reported that in October 2020, BLM bought a 6,500-square-foot Southern California mansion worth $6 million using donation funds. They were also filmed dining in luxury and sipping champagne at the luxury home.
BLM ‘activist’ Bryant probably realized that she may not receive prominence because everyone was protesting against Floyd's death. Hence, she shifted from protesting against Floyd’s death to fabricating claims about Bettinger so she could claim personal victimhood.
It didn’t matter to her that her scurrilous and spurious allegations will ruin Bettinger's life; her goal was publicity, power, and lucrative opportunities to make easy money.
BLM ‘activists’ care for only one cause, and it isn’t the upliftment or welfare of African Americans, it is the upliftment and welfare of themselves.
But unlike frauds such as Elizabeth Holmes, their product isn’t tangible. Holmes’s product was tested and found to be a fraud. This will never happen with BLM because they don’t make any concrete promises that can be measured. They just use create a climate of fear and hysteria and raise funds and disappear till the next outrage.
The result of the likes of BLM is that it spreads despondency, divisiveness, and cynicism in society, especially among African Americans.
Perhaps some of these disillusioned youths could have been the next great inventors, writers, teachers, and leaders, but now their lives are wasted.
This truly is tragic.
Photo credit: Twitter
New York Responds to Rampant Car Theft by Handing Out Apple AirTag Trackers
New York City mayor Eric Adams (D.) is handing out Apple AirTag tracking devices to 500 residents so they can track their car if it's stolen, as car thefts skyrocket across the city.
"The aggravated number of grand larceny autos continues to drive up crime in our city," Adams said on Sunday. He announced that 500 AirTags donated by a local nonprofit will be distributed to New Yorkers. He also encouraged citizens to purchase tracking devices for their cars. Car thefts are up 13 percent from this point last year, with nearly 4,500 cases so far.
Adams said the tracker is a "really amazing piece of ingenuity,"
"It’s easy to monitor," Adams added. "You can see in real-time where the vehicle is located."
Adams's comments come after he urged store-owners in March to ban entry to people wearing face masks in order to crack down on robbers.
Critics of Democratic policies point to the city's bail reform as responsible for a "revolving door of criminals" that's led to an increase in crime. The New York Times reported last month that just 327 thieves, who have collectively been arrested more than 6,000 times, are responsible for a third of the city’s retail crime.
House Republicans held a hearing in the city last month focused on rising crime and Democratic officials' failure to curb it. A bodega owner who was arrested after killing an attacker in self-defense called out Manhattan district attorney Alvin Bragg for arresting "an innocent man like me" instead of "people committing crime."
Ingraham: The left-wing loons are seething
BLACKS LOOT STORES
IT'S PART OF THE BLM PLATFORM
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/yH1ZaKzzOa8
I have reported previously how the Black Lives Matter Global Network has glorified foreign and domestic terrorists, cop killers, and Fidel Castro, and has taken actions both the Anti-Defamation League and International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance define as anti-Semitic: denial of the right of Israel to exist. The organization has also encouraged looting and other forms of civil unrest.
Two-Thirds of Murders in Dem Stronghold of Chicago Go Unsolved
Two out of three murders committed in Chicago go unsolved, according to an NPR report that comes as the city prepares to welcome a new mayor who has called for defunding the police.
Only 33 percent of homicides led to an arrest between 2016 and 2020, NPR reported, compared with the national clearance rate of around 50 percent. New York City had a clearance rate around 90 percent in the years before the pandemic, and 60 percent in 2020. Los Angeles had a clearance rate of 70 percent in 2019.
Unsolved homicides may have played a role in Democratic mayor Lori Lightfoot's February loss in her bid for reelection. Lightfoot was the first mayor to lose reelection in 40 years. Crime was the greatest concern on voters' minds going into the election. Two-thirds of respondents in one poll said they feel unsafe in the city.
But voters elected to replace Lightfoot with Brandon Johnson, a "Defund the Police" supporter and the only candidate who opposed filling the 1,600 vacancies in the Chicago Police Department. He said in 2019 that the city should "go to neighborhoods and provide supports to community, not just with law enforcement."
Chicago's homicide rate has skyrocketed nearly 40 percent since Lightfoot took office in 2019, watchdog group Wirepoints found.
Walmart in April announced the closure of four Chicago stores, affecting hundreds of workers and tens of thousands of residents who already face difficulty in obtaining food. The company pointed to revenue losses that "nearly doubled in just the last five years." The company said that collectively the city’s Walmarts have not been profitable in the last 17 years.
Illinois ranks second in the nation for most residents leaving, with one resident leaving the state every 3 minutes and 43 seconds.
Published under: Crime , Illinois , Lori Lightfoot
crime in america is black!
She Demanded Reparations from Target. It Didn’t End Well.
Shooting inside Atlanta medical building leaves 1 dead, 4 injured
UPDATED: One Killed, Three Injured in Atlanta Shooting; Police Release Photos of Suspect at Large
The Atlanta Police Department released a photo and BOLO (Be On the Lookout) as a suspect remains at large following reports of a shooting on W. Peachtree St. between 12th St. and 13th St.
Police tweeted that as of 12:42 p.m. ET, shots had been fired and “multiple people injured.”
UPDATE: ABC News reports that one person was killed in the attack and three others were wounded. The wounded were transported to a hospital but the extent of their injuries was not made known. The suspected attacker is on the loose and the Atlanta Police Department warned he is “armed and dangerous and should not be approached.”
They asked people in the area to avoid the building and to shelter in place.
Roughly 20 minutes later they noted that the suspect was at large and tweeted photos of him:
WSB-TV reported that “multiple agencies including Atlanta police, Atlanta fire, MARTA police, Georgia Tech police and the Georgia State Patrol have responded to the situation.”
The outlet also said the suspect appeared to be holding a handgun.
AWR Hawkins is an award-winning Second Amendment columnist for Breitbart News and the writer/curator of Down Range with AWR Hawkins, a weekly newsletter focused on all things Second Amendment, also for Breitbart News. He is the political analyst for Armed American Radio and a Turning Point USA Ambassador. AWR Hawkins holds a Ph.D. in Military History, with a focus on the Vietnam War (brown water navy), U.S. Navy since Inception, the Civil War, and Early Modern Europe. Follow him on Instagram: @awr_hawkins. You can sign up to get Down Range at breitbart.com/downrange. Reach him directly at awrhawkins@breitbart.com.
